Alohacyberian of Hawaii

- Kilauea -

Travels with Keith Martin

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A Fiery Eruption

Kilauea Fountain
Kilauea Eruption 1985
Click for LARGER Photo
Mount Kilauea Erupting

• Photograph of a spectacular lava fountain rising 1750 feet into the air from an eruption of the Kilauea Volcano February 4, 1985 on the Big Island of Hawaii. To view a topographical map of the Big Island of Hawaii click, here. For a map that depicts the five volcanoes that comprise the Big Island of Hawaii plus the Loihi Underwater Volcano (Loihi Seamount) off-shore, click here. The 5 Volcanoes that make up the Big Island of Hawaii are Kohala Volcano, Mauna Kea Volcano, Hualalai Volcano, Mauna Loa Volcano and Mt. Kilauea Volcano (sometimes called Mauna Kilauea) in the order of their ages from oldest to youngest. To view a color map showing the five volcanoes that comprise the Big Island of Hawaii and diagrams which show nine different levels of Dangerous and Hazardous areas along with an accompanying chart which explains the ranking of the 9 various degrees of dangers and hazards, click here. To look only at the danger zone map without the accompanying chart and explanations of the meanings of the five Big Island Volcanoes and their nine hazardous and dangerous zones of each part of the island, click here. To explore a map depicting the danger zones and their levels of danger for Kilauea Volcano only, click here. To explore current Kilauea widescreen wallpaper volcano activity map illustrating the lava flows from 1983 until February 18, 2009, click here. To view other recent Kilauea lava flow and volcanic activity on a widescreen wallpaper map revealing lava flow fields from January 29, 2009 to February 18, 2009, click here.

Kilauea Lava Flow Map 10 July 2009
Kilauea Lava Flow 1983 to June 10, 2009
Click Image for Widescreen Wallpaper Map

To see information about all the volcanoes on the Big Island as well as the overall geography of The Big Island of Hawaii click here. Enjoy a photo map tour of the Big Island of Hawaii and to view over a hundred points of interest via an interactive map and interactive panoramic 360° photographs courtesy MAI Technology Ltd. Simply click on one of the over 100 points of interest on the map, and an interactive 360 degree photograph will appear which can be controlled with the mouse. (Java must be enabled.) To go to the all-island Hawaii Geography Page click here.

VULKANO VULCANO POLYNESIAN VOLCANOES - VOLCANOS
SEE DOZENS OF KILAUEA VOLCANO PHOTOGRAPHS BELOW


Kilauea - the Most Active Volcano in the World

The word, "volcano" originated from "vulcano", the name of an island off the coast of Sicily in the Mediterranean Sea between the continents of Africa and Europe. The word "vulcano" still exists in Romance languages to this day as do variations such as "valcane", "volcane", "valcanes", "volcanoe", "Valcano", "valcanos", "valkanos", "valcanian", "valkania", "valkanian", "volkanos", "volcanian", "volkanian", Volcaino, Volcainos, Volkaino, Volkainos, vulkaan, "vulcane", "vulcani", "vulcanos", "vulcania", "vulcanian", "vulcanica", "vulkan", "vulkane", "vulkania", "vulkanian", "vulkanen", "vulkaner", "vulkanik", "vulkanul" "vulkanika","wulkan", wulkanik "wulkanu", "wulkany", and so forth (et cetera) in other languages. Thus, the evolution of the words "vulcanology" and the more modern "volcanology" emerged into our languages. Because of Roman mythology, the island, Vulcano, is named for the Roman god of fire, Vulcan. The ancients in the age of the Roman Empire believed that the molten lava, cinder and ash that were spewing forth from the Island of Vulcan were the results of the god Vulcan, hammering on his forge to pound out and shape thunderbolts for Jupiter, the king of gods, to throw at his adversaries and hurl at his enemies. Due to mythology in Polynesia, which includes Hawaii, the islanders believed that volcanoes (volcanos) erupted because the goddess of fire, Pele, was angry.

Madame Pele - the Hawaiian Fire Goddess
PELE - THE VOLCANO GODDESS & THE FIRE GODDESS
Pele -- Polynesian Fire & Volcano Goddess
Painting of Volcano Goddess "Pele" © 1991 by Herb Kawainui Kane
Click Image to Enlarge Slightly

And because she was frequently angry, Pele also became known as the goddess of volcanoes. Pele, the Hawaiian Volcano Goddess figures heavily in Hawaiian mythology and Kilauea Volcano mythology as well as in Polynesian mythology. The Hawaiian word, Pelehonuamea which means "lava" or earthy matters, is part of Polynesian mythology which dictates that only Pele can create land. Legend has it that it was Pele who led the first voyagers across the Pacific ocean to the island of Hawaii where land (Pelehonuamea) is constantly being created by eruptions of lava. According to Polynesian Mythology Madame Pele could change at will from a fair young maiden to a shrivelled old hag at will. Can you see both of them?

Young Pele - Old Pele Portrait

Volcanoes are mountains, though they are unlike most other mountains which are created by folding, crumpling and thrusting up the earth's crust. Volcanos are mountains that are created by the cooled debris of their own eruptions. Inside the earth, boiling, liquified molten rock is called magma which once it is expelled from the bowels of the earth through vents it becomes molten lava and is no longer magma. The secondary fragments of volcanic rock are called tephra.

Magma and thus lava is composed primarily of oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, titanium and manganese. Some lava oozes from fissures and vents in the earth, while others are spattered into the air and still others are spectacular lava fountains that can shoot hundreds and even thousands of feet into the air before returning to the ground as pyroclastic flows, which can be cascades and lava falls, but are most commonly lava flows which are ground-hugging avalanches of hot ash, pumice, rock fragments and volcanic gas. Pyroclastic flows are very common on Mount Kilauea Volcano as are the preceding pyroclastic surges which offer the dramatic aerial pyrotechnics shown in many of the photographs here. When molten lava hits water, such as the ocean, it creates steam explosions which are referred to as littoral explosions at the shoreline and the resultant areas are then called littoral zones. Littoral explosions are also called hydrovolcanic explosions and steam explosions. The word Littoral comes from the Latin word litoralis which means "seashore" or beach and the word "littoral" entered the English language about the year 1656 as an adjective. According to the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary® when the word littoral is used as an adjective it is defined as: "of, relating to, or situated or growing on or near a shore especially of the sea". When used as a noun, littoral entered the English language circa 1828 and is defined as: "a coastal region ; especially : the shore zone between high tide and low tide points". Proper pronunciation puts the accent on the first syllable and the vowels following the "I" are pronounced like the schwa (ə) such as the letter "A" in the word "America".

There are four basic types of volcanoes: cinder cones, composite volcanoes, shield volcanoes and lava domes. Kilauea is a shield volcano. Aside from the 4 basic kinds of volcanoes, other terms and varieties might include fissure volcanoes, dome volcanoes, ash-cinder volcanoes, composite volcanoes and caldera volcanoes, to name a few sorts of volcanoes. To view a diagram with cutaways illustrating the interiors of those six previously mentioned forms of volcanoes, click here.

You may open all of the photographs of Mt. Kilauea on this webpage in separate windows by clicking on the individual pictures. Be sure to "Bookmark" or "Add to Favorites" if you think you might want to return to this webpage in the future.

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Kilauea Lava Falls

"Lavafalls" of molten lava, similar to waterfalls, plunge over a cliff (Hawaiian word for "cliff" is "pali" - in this case Pulama Pali) and rushes into the Pacific Ocean creating huge steam clouds. Look below to see several more photographs of steam rising from the Pacific Ocean as Kilauea's molten lava enters the water.

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12/12/2003

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• Kilauea is the youngest and southeastern most volcano on the Big Island of Hawaii. Topographically Kilauea appears as only a bulge on the southeastern flank of Mauna Loa, and so for many years Kilauea was thought to be a mere satellite of its giant neighbor, not a separate volcano. However, research over the past few decades shows clearly that Kilauea has its own magma-plumbing system, extending to the surface from about 20,000 feet deep in the earth. And Kilauea is the most Active volcano on Earth.

In fact, the summit of Kilauea lies on a curving line of volcanoes that includes Mauna Kea and Kohala but, excludes Mauna Loa Volcano. That is to say, Kilauea is to Mauna Kea as Loihi, the underwater volcano, is to Mauna Loa Volcano. The diagram below illustrates the relationships among Mauna Loa Volcano, Kilauea Volcano and Loihi Seamount. The wavy blue line shows the water level and the Loihi undewater volcano which is called Loihi Seamount. Mauna Loa, which means "Long Mountain" in the Hawaiian Language is the largest volcano on this planet as well as the densest and most massive mountain on Earth. Mauna Loa is is 60 miles long and 30 miles wide, rises to an altitude of 13,677 feet high from its base 18,000 feet below the surface of the Pacific Ocean. Those dimensions make Mauna Loa 31,796 feet tall from base to summit or 2,768 feet taller than Mount Everest which has the highest elevation of any mountain on Earth. To read more information about the 5 volcanoes that comprise the Big Island of Hawaii (and all of the Hawaiian Islands' volcanoes) and more data regarding Mauna Loa Volcano go to the Hawaii Geography Page or click here.

Waterline with Loihi Seamount in Relation to Kilauea and Mauna Loa

Click on the image below to enlarge the Loihi Seamount topographical* map, which is more accurately called Loihi Seamount bathymetrical map. See Explanation beneath the following map*

*Topography is elevation above sea level. Bathymetry is depth below sea level. Topographic maps show the elevations above sea level, while bathymetric maps show the depths below the surface of the ocean. Bathymetric maps usually list depths in fathoms. A fathom is six feet or 1.83 meters. For samples of both topographical maps and bathymetric maps, of the 10 most significant Northeastern Hawaiian Islands (Leeward Hawaiian Islands), click here. • To see a widescreen wallpaper-sized combination bathymetric map and Topographic map of the 8 major Southeastern Hawaiian Islands also known as the Windward Hawaiian Islands, showing both the elevations above sea level and the depths below the ocean, click here. Map by Drew Kapp courtesy University of Hawaii at Hilo. The topographical map clearly shows Mauna Kea, tallest mountain the Pacific and the topographical map of Mauna Loa, the most massive mountain on planet Earth, which along with Mauna Kea Dominate the topography of the Big Island of Hawaii; Haleakala Volcano on west Maui towering over the East Maui Volcano and the topography of the East Molokai Volcano which created the most dramatic seacliffs in all of Oceania.

To see a 2008 widescreen wallpaper sized map of Kilauea Lava flow activity which obliterated the Royal Gardens Subdivision, up to November 28, 2008, click here. To view a widescreen wallpaper close-up map of Kilauea Lava Flow fields from November 18, 2008 to December 1, 2008, click here. To look at a lava flow field map from 1983 until January 1, 2009, click here. For another 1983 to January of 2009 map showing much more specific lava flows and more detailed volcanic activity for that period of time, click here. The most current lava flow maps with the most recent volcanic activity are in the first paragraph of this webpage or you may click here to find links to them. To find a geologic map, that is a vent map of Kilauea Caldera showing the ages from 1832 to 1982 and distribution of recent lava flows (months and years are indicated on the flows), and locations of Halemaumau, Puu Puai (the cinder and spatter cone that erupted in 1959), Keanakakoi Crater and faults that outline the caldera click here. The entire floor of the caldera is covered by lava flows that have erupted since 1832. To explore a another map of Kilauea Caldera showing other lava flows from 1882 to 1982, click here. In the previous map and some other maps, the abbreviation, H.V.O. signifies "Hawaii Volcano Observatory".

The current and constant eruption of Kilauea Volcano that began in 1983 and continues at the cinder-and-spatter cone of Puu Oo, which in Hawaiian means "highpoint of the sky" or "the sky's zenith". Lava erupting from that cone flows through a tube system down Pulama Pali about 8 miles to the Pacific Ocean. Click here to see a photo of Mount Kilauea's lavafalls at Pulama Pali on the Big Island of Hawaii. To see an underground map of Kilauea Volcano and the lava tube (branch pipe) to the ocean, click here. To read an explanation of the map, look at the text just below the two following photographs.

MOLTEN LAVA FALLING AND FLOWING TO THE PACIFIC
Pulama Pali Lavafall
Click for larger, detailed photo

MOLTEN LAVA ENTERING THE PACIFIC OCEAN
Steam Rises as Molten Lava Enters the Pacific Ocean
Click to see a larger, more detailed picture

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Vog Enters the Atmosphere from the Puu Oo Vent
Kilauea Belches Smoke that Becomes Vog
Click for larger, more detailed photo

When sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas also sulphur dioxide gas (SO2) gas is released, it reacts chemically with sunlight, oxygen, dust particles, and water in the air to form a mixture of sulfate (S04-2) aerosols (tiny particles and droplets), sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and other oxidized sulfur species. Together, this gas and aerosol mixture produces a hazy atmospheric condition known as volcanic smog, better known in Hawaii as "vog". To See a large photo of Kilauea Belching massive amounts of cender and Vog, click here.

Puu Oo Fountain Eruption
Molten Lava, Smoke, Cinder, Ash and Sulfur Dioxide Erupt into the Air
Click to view a much larger, more detailed photograph of Kilauea Vog

Above a Mount Kilauea Lava Fountain which is 300 meters (985 feet) high from the Puu Oo Cinder and Spatter Cone which spews a continuous outpouring of lava, cinder, smoke and copious amounts of sulfer dioxide gas into the atmosphere - and it mixes with dust particles to create "vog", Madame Pele's counterpart to smog. Vog in general and sulphur dioxide in particular have had a serious impact on agricultural production and many farmers report that their crops have been devastated by the vog. Agriculture is a major economic factor on the Island of Hawaii. Many people also report health problems, particularly respiratory problems which deny normal breathing. And sulphur dioxide has a very unpleasant odor. See above and below for more specifics regarding vog and farther down the page to read more information about the Polynesian volcano goddess, Pele along with information about Hawaiian Mythology.

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Underground Map of Kilauea Magma Tube

To see an underground map of Kilauea Volcano and the magma tube carrying molten rock to the Pacific Ocean, where the red-hot lava empties into the ocean causing plumes of steam and creating littoral explosions, which are also referred to as hydrovolcanic explosions, click here.

This simplified cutaway view (not to scale) of Kilauea Volcano shows the pathway of molten rock during the eruption of Puu Oo, located on the east rift zone about 15 miles from the caldera. Molten lava moves from the magma reservoir beneath the caldera through the east rift zone to Puu Oo. When molten rock erupts as lava from Puu Oo, it flows either onto the surface or through a lava-tube system about 8 miles to the sea and sometimes surface eruptions and fountains also flow to the ocean.

During episode 54 on January 30, 1997, lava erupted from Napau Crater about 3 miles uprift from Puu Oo. The rift zone widened about six feet in Napau and a little over a foot wider almost 2 miles uprift, as magma forced a pathway to the surface. Chemical studies of lava samples from episode 54 indicate that two separate and distinct bodies of magma, stored in the rift zone near Napau Crater for many years, supplied lava for the eruptive activity. The caldera was the site of nearly continuous activity during the 1800s and the early part of this 1900s. Since 1952 there have been 34 eruptions, and beginning in January of 1983 eruptive activity has been continuous along the east rift zone of Kilauea up to the present day. Kilauea is considered by many volcanologists to be the planet's most active volcano. Other vulcanologists assert that Kilauea is the world's most active volcano as it has been spewing constantly for 27 years.

Kilauea at Quake Time
Puu Oo recedes after 2007 Earthquakes
Click for Wallpaper-Sized Photo

The photo above was taken on the weekend of June 15, 2007 and is the Puu Oo vent which is the same as the 1,750 foot high lava fountain pictured at the top of this page. To view pictures taken before the 2007 earhquakes which are wallpaper sized photos of the steaming Puu Oo vent, click here. During that weekend and in the aftermath, the Big Island of Hawaii was shaken by over a thousand small earthquakes, most of which centered on the upper East Rift Zone of mighty and unpredicable Kilauea Volcano. An intrusion of magma collecting beneath the rift between Pauahi and Makaopuhi craters about 1 to 2 miles deep caused most of the earthquakes. (See quake map below) Coinciding with the tremors was a dramatic decrease in the lava feeding the Puu Oo Vent which could cause a pause in episode 56 eruptions. The Petunia lava flow, which began in mid-May of 2007, continues to push toward the southeast . (See photo beneath the quake map just below.) The upper part of the Petunia lava flow has already evolved into a well-developed lava tube (branch pipe) that transports lava downslope to feed the terminus of the lengthening flow. Lava continues to enter the ocean at the Poupou location within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. In January of 1997 a magma intrusion created new eruption sites in and northeast of Napau Crater and lava spewed for 22 hours. A 30-day pause in lava flow at the Pu'u O'o vent also occurred. And again in September of 1999 A magma intrusion generated a swarm of small earthquakes, resulting in an 11-day pause in lava flow at the Pu'u O'o (Puu Oo) vent, but no new eruption sites. After the June 2007 series of earthquakes, the rift zone became about 39 inches (1 meter) wider. The photo above was taken June 18, 2007 and the map below illustrates the seismic activity while the photo beneath the quake map illustrates the Petunia flow.

Quake Zone Map
Map of Kilauea's Chain of Craters

Click for Larger Map


To see a map of the Kilauea Caldera, Kilauea Volcano's Southwest Rift Zone and the entire East Rift Zone, click here.
To see a 1960 Map of Kilauea Volcano prior to the eruption of the Puu Oo Vent [Pu'u O'o Vent] and the 2007 Petunia Lava Flow, click here.

• To view chapter 1 of a video made from a restored U.S. Government movie film (5 minutes, 8 seconds) of the 1959 and 1960 Kilauea volcanic eruptions, click on the middle box at the lower right of the screen below (the two-tone rectangle just below the word "You" in YouTube) to see the eruptions in full screen size.


• To watch chapter 2 of the video from the restored U.S. Government movie film (10 minutes, 8 seconds) of the 1959 and 1960 Kilauea volcanic eruptions, click on the middle box at the lower right of the screen below (the two-tone rectangle just below the word "You" in YouTube) to watch the eruptions in full screen size.


• To see chapter 3 of a video created from the restored U.S. Government movie film (10 minutes) of the 1959 and 1960 Kilauea volcanic eruptions, click on the middle box at the lower right of the screen below (the two-tone rectangle just below the word "You" in YouTube) to enjoy the eruptions in full screen size.


• To look at chapter 4 of a video produced from the restored U.S. Government movie film (2 minutes, 34 seconds) of the 1959 and 1960 Kilauea volcanic eruptions, click on the middle box at the lower right of the screen below (the two-tone rectangle just below the word "You" in YouTube) to observe the eruptions in full screen size.



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The Petunia Lava Flow
The New 2007 Petunia Lava Flow

Click for Widescreen Wallpaper-sized Photo

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Hawaiian mythology holds that Kilauea Volcano is the home of Pele, the Hawaiian fire goddess and volcano goddess who can change at will from a withered old woman to a ravishing young beauty. Even modern day Hawaiians tell of great misfortune after removing Pele's sacred rocks from Kiluaea. Hawaiian chants and oral traditions tell in veiled form of many eruptions fomented by an angry Pele prior to the arrival of the first European, the missionary Reverend William Ellis, who saw the summit in 1823. For more information about Hawaiian Mythology and Hawaiian gods and goddeses, click here. Below are many photographs of Pele's fury and Kilauea's eruptions followed by links to 4 videos which illustrate eruptions of Kilauea Volcano as well as links to other volcano resources in the United States and worldwide.

Steam Rising from Waikupanaha Ocean Entry
Click for Widescreen Wallpaper
Waikupanaha Ocean Entry - 28 August 2008


Lava Enters the Sea
Click to Enlarge Pic
Lava Enters the Sea


At night, a stream of hot lava wends its way from Kilauea to the ocean.
Kilauea Lava Stream
Kilauea Lava Stream

Smoke, Steam and Fog = Vog
Smoke and Steam (Vog) Rising from Kilauea Caldera

Click for Wallpaper-Size Photograph


Molten Lava Creates Geyser
Steam Geyser

Click to Enlarge Photo

Lava Drips into the Pacific
Lava Drips into the Ocean

Click for Bigger Picture

Molten Lava Drips Glows and Cools in the Moonlight
Molten Lava Cools, Hardens and Glows Beneath a Full Moon

Click for the Big Picture
Large Enough for Widescreen Wallpaper

Kilauea Lava Falls
Kilauea Lava Falls

Click for Larger Photo


Rivers of Molten Lava from Kilauea Volcano
Kilauea Lava Streams
Lava Rivers from Puu Oo Vent

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A Village on the Brink of Disaster.

Kilauea Lava Looms over Hapless Village

Angry Pele, the Volcano Goddess, Looms Ominously

Click the Photo Above to Enlarge to Widescreen Wallpaper Size

Multiple, simultaneous eruptions of Kilauea Volcano threatened a nearby village with extinction giving villagers little warning before obliterating their settlement on the Big Island of Hawaii.

Lava erupts from Kilauea's Puu Oo Cone.
Kilauea Lava Cone
Eruptions from Kilauea Lava Cone

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Kilauea Daily Updates - Mt. Kilauea Status Reports, Updates, Volcanic Activity, Volcano Alert Levels, Aviation Color Code and Information Releases for Kilauea Daily Updates Kilauea Status Reports, Updates, and Information Releases for Today and Previous Days this Month.

Volcano Watch is a weekly newsletter written by the scientists at the US Geological Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. It is published in the Sunday Hawaii Tribune-Herald newspaper and the Monday West Hawaii Today newspaper, and posted online the following Monday or Tuesday depending on Monday holidays. While the updates are primarily addressed to the residents of the Big Island of Hawaii, some articles may have broader scopes. Topics may range from volcanic features on the Big Island, volcanic hazards, informational subjects regarding, say, Long Valley, Montserrat and Alaska, to matters regarding the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. To read this week's Volcano Watch update, click here.

• See What's Happening Right Now on Kilauea Volcano •

• Webcameras Update Every Fifteen Minutes •

View photos from a webcam at the Puu Oo Crater. Dimensions of crater are approximately 400 meters (1,313 feet) long (left to right in webcam) and 250 meters (820 feet) wide straight ahead. The camera is operational 24 hours a day, 7 days per week [24/7] and faithfully records the dark of night when there is no incandescence from eruptions and molten lava. This panorama is a composite of four images from the research camera positioned on the north rim of the Puu Oo crater. The images update every 15 minutes. At times, clouds and volcanic fumes obscure visibility as do flying insects that sometimes take refuge on the lens protectors. The camera is subject to sporadic breakdown, and its remote location makes immediate repair impossible. Cameras can be where people should not be. Puu Oo is off-limits to the general public due to multiple and significant seismic hazards and volcanic dangers. But, you can view these off-limits eruptions right now by clicking here.

Click here to see the volcanic activity in the last 15 minutes at the Halemaumau Crater of Kilauea Volcano.

Click here to watch a significant number of time-lapse movies of volcanic activity at Kilauea provided by the Hawaii Volcano Observatory. Most are very long and range from an hour and 35 minutes to over ten hours.

To learn more about Kilauea Volcano, the other volcanoes of Hawaii, the United States and the world, click here. To go directly to the official website for Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, click here.

• To see more information about all the volcanoes on the Big Island as well as the overall geography of The Big Island of Hawaii click here. To go to the entire State of Hawaii Geography Page click here. • To see more volcano information and photos on the Big Island of Hawaii Page click here.

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Pumice Plumes and Kilauea Iki Eruption December 1959
Kilauea Iki Vent

Click Photo to Enlarge

When Kilauea Iki erupted on 17 December 1959, it was Kilauea's hottest lava with temperatures up to 2,200 degrees Fahrenheit (1,217 degrees Centigrade) and incandescent tephra fell from the lava fountain which rose 1,890 feet (576 meters) into the air. During the 3rd episode, a few incandescent pieces of pumice were wafted more than 330 (100 meters) feet above the lava fountain, and cooler pieces were carried even higher by the hot draft above the fountain. Variations in the wind created a constantly changing pattern in the "pumice plume" that was mesmerizing to watch. Often, glowing clouds of pumice swirled directly overhead, only to be blown far away into the forest before falling. Photo by University of Colorado, Courtesy NOAA.

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Mauna Ulu Twin Dome Fountains
2 Mauna Ulu Domes

Click to Enlarge Photograph
Two dome fountains erupting at the east Rift of Kilauea on 6 June 1970 at Mauna Ulu, which means "growing mountain". To see a photo of the Mauna Ulu twin vents combined into a full fountain eruption on December 30, 1969 shooting 1,494 feet (455 meters) high as seen from Puu Huluhulu [Pu'u Huluhulu] on Kilauea's east rift, click here.

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Cooling Pattern of Mauna Ulu Lava Lake
Cooling Lava Lake

Click to Enlarge Photo
Shown are surface patterns and stalactites at the east end of Mauna Ulu summit lava lake just west of a septum breach. The photo was taken on the night of 27 August 1972. The motion of lava beneath the surface causes the cooled skin on the surface to break apart revealing veins of hotter magma beneath the cooled lava shell. These sections of cooled volcanic material are floating on the molten lava below.

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Lavafall from Mauna Ulu Summit Lava Lake to Lower Lava Lake
Lower Mauna Ulu Lava Lake

Click to Enlarge Picture
Lava cascades from the Mauna Ulu summit lavalake down a lavafall into the Mauna Ulu lower lavalake which is about 500 feet (150 meters) across. This photo was taken on the night of 11 November 1973 of the lava cascade into lower Mauna Ulu lavalake as it circulates clockwise.

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Alae Mezzanine Fountains and Lava Cascades
Alae Mezzanine Lava Cascades
Click to Enlarge Pic
Fountains and Cascades presented a giant fireworks display during the Alae Mezzanine eruption on 22 February 1969. Here lava fountains form a curtain of fire above, while below lavafalls created a wall of molten rock from Alae, the active lava lake at nearby Mauna Ulu.

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Mauna Ula Lavafalls and Lava Cascades from Alae Lava Lake
Alae Lavafalls & Lava Cascades
Click to Enlarge Pix


A massive volume of molten lava poured from Mauna Ulu on 22 March 1969 into Alae lava lake during phase seven of the Mauna Ulu eruptions on Mount Kilauea Volcano.

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Click to view a 30 second video of a re-circulating lava lake in the West Pit Pond of the Puu Oo vent (Pu'u'O'o vent) on the east flank of the Kilauea Volcano.

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Kalapana Lava Flow Near Pupapau Point Shoreline
Kalapana Lava Flow
Click to Enlarge
A massive volume of molten lava poured from Mauna Ulu on 22 March 1969 into Alae lava lake during phase seven of the Mauna Ulu eruption.

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More Photos & Videos of Kilauea Volcano

Smoke Blasts out of Kilauea
Waikupanaha Littoral Explosions in June-July 2008

Click Here for a Widescreen Wallpaper-Sized Photo
and to See Videos of Littoral Explosions, click, here


Smoke Blasts out of Kilauea
Smoke Bellows out of a Kilauea Volcano Vent

Click Here for Widescreen Wallpaper-Size Pic


Kilauea Lava Shower

Click to open pictures in separate widescreen wallpaper-sized windows.

Helemaumau Smoke Plume and Rainbow on 28 March 2008
A Halemaumau Smoke and Cinder Plume and faded rainbow photographed from a distance in the early morning of 28 March 2008.

Click Here for Widescreen Wallpaper Size
Photo by J. Kauahikaua courtesy U.S. Geological Survey


Helemaumau Smoke Plume 13 Nov 2008
A Halemaumau Smoke Plume shot on November 13, 2008 when there was no wind at lower elevations.

Click Here for a Widescreen Wallpaper Sized Photograph
Photo was by M. Poland courtesy U.S. Geological Survey


Lava Enters the Ocean at East Laeapuki Delta
Click for widescreen wallpaper size
Side View of the East Laeapuki Lava Delta

East Laeapuki Lava Delta with multiple ocean-entry points
Click for a wallpaper sized photograph
Frontal View of the East Laeapuki Lava Delta

Kilauea Lava Cascade

Click to enlarge to widescreen wallpaper

Kilauea Eruption 7/7/2008

Click for widescreen wallpaper

Kilauea Littoral Explosion

Click on the 10 Photos Above to see Widescreen Wallpaper Pictures
To View More Videos of Kilauea Littoral Explosions Look Below.

Littoral Explosion Videos


• In this 3 minute video lava explodes at the shoreline as it enters the sea at the Waikupanaha entry site located near Kalapana, Hawaii (Hawai'i). Recorded 20 March 2008.

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• In the Littoral Explosions 2 video which lasts 3 and a half minutes, the hydrovolcanic explosions become more intense as red hot lava meets cool ocean waters and explodes at the shoreline as it enters the sea at the Waikupanaha entry site located near Kalapana, Hawai'i (Hawaii). Recorded 20 March 2008.

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• In Littoral Explosions 3, another 3 and a half minute video, you see more hydrovolcanic explosions.

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• In the most dramatic of this series of four videos, this 5 minute video shows wide rivers of molten lava flowing to the ocean at the Waikupanaha entry site near Kalapana, Hawai'i (Hawaii) where spectacular littoral explosions occur.
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Mauna Ulu Hornito on Mount Kilauea
Mauna Ulu Hornito
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Lava that hardened very rapidly created an obelisk. This hornito formed on the surface of a pahoehoe flow during the Mauna Ulu eruption on the east rift zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii.

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Kupaianaha Pond

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River of Kilauea Lava

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Steam and Tephra Rise during Littoral Explosion

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Kamoamoa Lava Tube Skylight

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Cooling Lava

Puu Oo Lava Snakes its way to the Sea

Puu Oo Eruption and Lava Streams

Puu Oo Fountain and Lava Flow

3 Steam Plumes Rise as Molten Lava Meets the Pacific Ocean
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Fountain Eruption from Puu Oo Vent
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Molten Lava Stream from Poupou Lava Tube
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Underwater Volcano also called Submarine Volcano
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To Watch a Video of an Underwater Explosion, click, here


Kilauea Lava Flow

Kilauea Littoral Explosion

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To View Videos of Littoral Explosions, click, here


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Pauahi Crater Fissure 1973

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In the first eruption of the Pauahi Crater in more than 200 years, two small fissures opened in the bottom of the deeper west pit and spewed lava for little more than an hour. Most of the lava that pooled in the west pit drained away into the fissures. When the fissures stopped erupting, the lava pond was only about 66 feet (20 meters) deep.
Click here to view a map of the fissures in the Pauahi crater and in the Hiiaka (Hi'iaka) crater. Hiiaka is named after Madame Pele's younger sibling who is said to also possess godlike qualities. Polynesian mythology says that through Hiiaka other life springs forth from the land that is created by Goddess Pele's lava (Pelehonuamea).


Hiiaka Crater Fissure of 1973

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About an hour after the fissures in Pauahi Crater stopped erupting, a new set of fissures opened in the Hiiaka Crater (Hi`iaka Crater) and also just west of the nearby Chain of Craters Road. Hiiaka is named after Madame Pele's younger sibling who is said to also possess godlike qualities. Polynesian mythology says that through Hiiaka other life springs forth from the land that is created by Goddess Pele's lava (Pelehonuamea).
Click here to view a map of the fissures in the Pauahi crater and in the Hiiaka (Hi'iaka) crater.


Shallow Collapse Basin of the Hiiaka Crater

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Lava from these western fissures (upper right) flowed across the road and spilled into the shallow collapse basin of the Hiiaka Crater (Hi`iaka Crater).
Click here to view a map of the fissures in the Pauahi crater and in the Hiiaka (Hi'iaka) crater.


Lava Fountains in the Puu Oo Kupaianaha Fissure Eruption January 1983

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Lava fountains rise from eruptive fissures in the first week of the Puu Oo Kupaianaha eruption (Pu`u `O`o-Kupaianaha eruption) on January 5, 1983. The Kilauea fissures cut through old forested lava flows in a remote section of Kilauea's east rift zone.
Photograph by N. Banks on January 5, 1983


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Rivers of Kilauea Lava

Puu Oo Crater

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Waterspout Created from Underground, Underwater Lava Tube 26 October 2005

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A Column of Steam from a Waterspout Created by an Underground, Underwater Kilauea Lava Tube 26 October 2005


This Tube-Fed Haze Created by Lava Hitting Water is called Laze

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More Laze - Haze is Caused by Molten Lava Hitting Water

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Kamoamoa Bench Wanes

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East Laeapuki Lava Delta with multiple ocean-entry points

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Photo of East Laeapuki Lava Delta (Lae`apuki) with multiple ocean-entry points of lava which generated huge plumes of Lava Haze, better known as "Laze".


Puu Oo 18 February 1992

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Molten Lava Cutting through a Forest

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On 5 October 1983 a channeled Aa flow from Puu Oo cut a swath through the forest. The characteristic rough, blocky surface of cooled Aa is visible at the margins of the lava flow. The river of lava inside the channel travelled much faster than the flow actually advanced, because the lava river fanned out at the terminus of the flow and slowed as its margins cooled.


A Forest of Hawaiian Ohia Trees is Invaded by Molten Lava

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This Molten Lava Advanced at about One Meter (3 Feet 3 Inches) per Minute

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On 6 May 1990 the Kupianaha Flow Began to Over-run the Village of Kalapana whicn No Longer Exists

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Puu Oo Pahoehoe Eschelon Fissures

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A'a Pahoehoe

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Above the Puu Oo Vent

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Eruption of the Puu Oo Vent in 1983

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Kilauea Volcano Lava Falls

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Molten Lava Streams into the Ocean

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Puu Oo Kupaianaha Skylight

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Lava Falls and Cascades into the Pacific and Steam Rises

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Southwest Flank of Puu Oo 3 March 1992

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Kilauea Spattering Molten Lava

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A Hornito Forming on Kilauea

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Kamoamoa Bench at Dawn

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Kupapau Lava Enters the Ocean

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Steam Rises as Kilauea Lava Enters the Ocean

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Littoral Lava Enters the Pacific under a Full Moon at Walipea Bench

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A Littoral Explosion as Molten Lava Enters the Ocean

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Molten Lava from the Kilauea Eruptions in June of 2004

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Lavafalls Dripping into the Ocean from Kilauea's Western Delta

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The Orange-Red Glow of the Morning Sunrise compliments the Red Orange Lava as it Enters the Pacific Ocean and the Steam also rises

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Molten Lava Glows Red and Steam Lifts off the Pacific as the Sun Rises

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Molten Lava Inundating Kilauea's Banana Lava Delta

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To see a Banana lava river coming down from Kilauea, click here.


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The East Pond Vent of Puu Oo Shrouded by Thick Haze (Vog)

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A fountain from the East Pond Vent of Puu Oo is shrouded by a thick haze of volcanic fumes (Vog).


Cooling Lava Oozes from a Lava Tube Breakout

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Breakout of cooling lava as it oozes from the big bend of the lava tube downstream from the Petunia lava flow. Lava emerges from under the hardened crust and flows away from the camera.


Closeup of the Lava Leaking from a Seam (Fissure) in the Lava Tube

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A closer view of lava surfacing from a seam in the lava crust.


Skylight in Puu Oo Lava Tube

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Skylight in the Kupaianaha Lava Tube (branch pipe) and Steam Rising in the distance from the Tube's Lava

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A skylight, formed when a section of lava-tube roof collapses and reveals the lava stream within. In the distance, a steam plume marks where the tube empties into the ocean. In 1987-1989, most of the lava that erupted from the Kupaianaha vent flowed to the ocean and was completely enclosed within lava tubes (branch pipes).


Kilauea Fissure Lava Spatters

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Puu Oo Northwest Flank 3 October 2003

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Dramatic Mt. Kilauea Fountain at Night

Lava River from Hardened Crust Cave

Kilauea Lava Flow

Kilauea Eruption

Kilauea Lava Shower

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Kilauea Fountain

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Molten Lava Invades Royal Gardens Subdivision

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For Some Reason, Nobody Ran this Stop Sign

An Offering of Leis to Pele the Volcano Goddess

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Floral Leis were offered to Appease the Volcano Goddess, Pele

Littoral Explosions from a Lava Tube

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Littoral Explosions form a Lava Bubble at Kapapau Point Lava Tube

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Littoral Explosions from a Lava Tube at Kapapau Point

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Puu Oo Fume Clouds (Vog)

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Puu Kahaualea Fissure

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Note the Burning Tree

Puu Oo Fountain Erupting at Sunset

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Pahoehoe Lava Flow

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Lava Streams from 1959 Kilauea Iki Eruption

Kalapana Littoral Explosion 8 July 2008

Kilauea Vog Rises from the Puu Oo Vent


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Kilauea Belches Ash, Cinders and Smoke - Which Create Kilauea Vog

Puu Oo Kupaianaha Vent Eruption

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for a Widescreen Wallpaper, click here.


Volcanic Lava Cools and Hardens to Crust on the Outside

Kilauea Spews Enormous Amounts of Cinders and Vog

Kamoamoa Lava Tube Eruption

Kilauea Lava Lake - Kilauea Caldera

Click Above for Larger, more Detailed Photograph.

Kilauea Lava Lake - Kilauea Lava Fountain - Time Release Photo

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Kilauea Crater Rim - Halemaumau Vent Eruption

Kilauea's Lava Drips into the Ocean as Dawn Comes to the Big Island of Hawaii

Pahoehoe Lava

Kilauea Lava Streams

Kilauea Eruption

Kilauea Lava Fall

Kilauea Lava Fountain

Nighttime Littoral Explosion as Molten Lava Meets Cool Ocean Water

Steam Rises from Molten Lava Entering the Ocean

Littoral Explosions often Occur when the Red Hot Lava Comes in Contact with the Cooler Ocean Waters

Aloi Crater Eruption of Mauna Ulu

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Molten Lava Entering the Ocean Spatters and Creates Clouds of Steam

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Molten Lava Entering the Ocean Spatters and Creates Clouds of Steam

Bubbling Lake of Molten Lava
Kilauea Volcano's Bubbling, Molten Lava Lake
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Kilauea Eruption

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All the mountains on the Big Island of Hawaii are volcanoes. Five different volcanoes erupted and finally their lava flow merged together to make the Big Island of Hawaii. About 20 miles off the southeast coast of the Big Island is Loihi Sea Mount (also known as, Lo'ihi Seamount) an underwater volcano, which lies less than 3000 feet below the surface of the ocean. Loihi volcano is one of the submarine volcanoes of the world that is active and currrently erupting. Loihi Seamount, the submarine volcano, has been the subject of many studies by vulcanologists (volcanologists) in recent years, though for centuries many people have known about Loihi erupting. Frequent Loihi eruptions bring it ever closer to the surface of the water when one day it will emerge as the newest of the Hawaiian Islands and perhaps eventually merge with and become a part of the Big Island of Hawaii. To see a map of the 5 volcanos of the Big Island of Hawaii showing their proximity to Loihi Seamount, click here. With Loihi Mount included, Hawaii will then become an island comprised of six volcanoes instead of five volcanos. Due to the activity of Kilauea Volcano and someday Loihi Volcano, Hawaii is the only state in the United States that is actually growing in size! Look below to view a submarine video of the underwater volcano erupting.

To get an idea how each of the five volcanoes that evenually created the Big Island of Hawaii and all the other Hawaiian Islands, you may view video of a spectacular underwater volcanic eruption link below. Click here to watch a video of an underwater volcano erupting. Underwater volcanoes, also called submarine volcanoes, release liquid droplets of carbon dioxide. Yellow parts of the plume contain tiny droplets of molten sulfur. Underwater volcanoes are also studied by the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. is the world's largest museum complex and research organization and is comprised of 19 museums and 9 research centers as well as the United States National Zoo. To enter the fabulous world of the Smithsonian, click here.

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Many of Kilauea's pre-1924 explosive eruptions that produced significant ash deposits probably happened when the volcano's summit crater was so deep that its floor was below the water table, letting ground water seep in to form a lake. Whenever magma erupted into the lake water, violent explosions of steam and volcanic gases resulted, fragmenting the magma into tiny ash particles and driving fast-moving, extremely hot ash-laden steam clouds (pyroclastic surges) out of the crater.

• To look at the first of 15 old black and white photos showing smoke and ash spewing from Kilauea Volcano just prior to erupting in 1924, click here.

Click here to see a map showing the location of Halemaumau in relationship to the town of Volcano.

Another map shows the area of the 1924 explosions that are shown in the black and white photographs which are linked below. The area inside the yellow circle shows were a great number of rocks more than 10 centimeters [4 inches] in diameter were strewn. The photos were taken from the "Volcano House" which was near the HVO (Hawaiian Volcano Observatory) in 1924. The Hawaii Volcano Observatory is now located at Uwekahuna which is marked by a star on the map. Five immense rocks [blocks of stone] weighing over ten tons [9,072 kilograms] apiece were spewed out by the Halemaumau eruption of 1924 and the places they landed are shown on the map. To see a photo of "Block R3" and the impact crater it left on the runway of the nearby aviation strip, click here. The photographer depicted in the photograph is Tai Sing Loo of Pearl Harbor who photographed some of the pictures below.

See 15 more black and white photos taken in May of 1924 when an immense amount of dust and rocks also fell around an area inside the Kilauea Caldera. (See explosion map link above)

On May 24, 1924 a black and white photo was taken of a Halemaumau explosion on Kiluaea Volcano.

The conflagration of the previous photo expands as shown in this black and white photograph taken only 30 seconds after the above shot was taken.

A fiery fountain arises from Halemaumau in this black and white photo from may 24, 1924.

A mushroom cloud forms above Halemaumau in this black and white photograph of May 23, 1924 at 3:00 P.M.

Molten Lava mixes with smoke, cinder and ash in this black and white photo of the May 22, 1924 Halemaumau eruptions.

• The following eight photos were taken of the Halemauamau Explosion on May 22, 1924 by Tai Sing Loo. The series begins about 30 seconds after the first explosion and the photos were taken from the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) about 3.5 miles [5.6 kilometers] away.

  1. In this first photo taken at 8:10 A.M. only 30 seconds after a series of explosions that were to dump enough ash and rocks to fill nearby raingutters and cause the eaves of buildings to collapse. Five giant stone blocks weighing about 20,000 pounds [9,072 kilograms] each also landed in the Caldera. (See explosion map link above)
  2. In this photo the column is now 975 meters [3,200 feet] wide at its base and about 1,000 meters [3,281 feet] high and rising at a rate of about 17 meters [56 feet] per second. This shot was taken approximately one minute after the start of the explosion.
  3. In this photo the eruption column is now 1,650 meters [5,414 feet] high and rising at rate of about 11 meters [36 feet] per second. Rocks continue to pound the caldera floor. This shot was taken at approximately 2 minutes after the beginning of the explosion.
  4. In this photo the column has reached a height of 2,450 meters [8,038 feet] and its rate of rise has slowed to about 5 meters [16 and a half feet] per second. This shot was taken at about 4 minutes after the beginning of the explosion.
  5. In this photo the column is now 3,000 meters [9,843 feet] high and still rising about 5 meters [16.4 feet] per second. This picture was taken at roughly 6 minutes after the start of the explosion.
  6. In this photo the column is now 3,500 meters [11,483 feet] high and rising about 4 meters [13 feet] per second. This snapshot was taken approximately 8 minutes after the explosion began.
  7. In this photo, the cloud is now over 3,700 meters [12,140 feet] high and witnesses observed three lightning bolts* inside the column near that time. This photo was taken at approximately 10 minutes after the explosion started.
  8. In this photo of Halemaumau, taken 20 minutes after the explosion commenced, a crowd had gathered to watch the activities.

• *The Monday, May 19, 1924 edition of a daily newspaper, The Honolulu Advertiser, reported, "several violent upheavals" had taken place on Sunday, May 18, and the article went on to state: "The air about the Volcano is highly charged with static electricity. Fuses at the Volcano house have been blown out and telephone communication is spasmodic.... All foliage within two miles [3.2 kilometers] of the Volcano is covered with [wet] ashes and pierced with pebbles. Mud stands an inch thick on the porch of Boles' house, and has hardened to the consistency of cement. The eave gutters of the Volcano House are broken by the weight of the ashes and pebbles. Angleworms are lying dead all about the area." The newspaper had spoken too soon, angry Volcano Goddess Pele had more in store for them and the worst was yet to come.

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• To view chapter 1 of a video made from a restored U.S. Government movie film (5 minutes, 8 seconds) of the 1959 and 1960 Kilauea volcanic eruptions, click on the middle box at the lower right of the screen below (the two-tone rectangle just below the word "You" in YouTube) to see the eruptions in full screen size.


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• To watch a 3 minute video of Kilauea Lava shooting into the sky and eventually entering the ocean, click below.

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• To see a 2 minute children's educational video of volcanic eruptions click, the image below.

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• To watch another 2 minute video, sans music & animation, of Kilauea's molten lava, exiting underground lava tubes (branch pipes) and cascades in red-hot lavafalls over a cliff and plunges into the Pacific Ocean creating rising clouds of steam, click on the video screen below.

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• To look at a 45 second video of steam rising from the Pacific Ocean as molten lava from Kilauea Volcano here falls into the water, click below.

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Underwater volcanoes, also called submarine volcanoes, releasing liquid droplets of carbon dioxide in this 2 minute video. Yellow parts of the plume contain tiny droplets of molten sulfur. Click on the middle box at the lower right of the screen below (the two-tone rectangle just below the word "You" in YouTube) to see the eruptions in full screen size.

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• "If you ever drop your keys into a river of molten lava, let'em go, because, man, they're gone."
~ Jack Handey from "Deep Thoughts"

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• To explore almost any science topic that comes to mind, such as fossils, astronomy and volcanology (vulcanology), click here to view the Sciences Page including photos of volcanos worldwide as well as information regarding volcanoes around the globe.

EXPLORE THE SCIENCES PAGE
Sciences Page
Bookmark this page or Add to Favorites if you want to return in the future.

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It is interesting to note that many people misspell "Hawaii" as Hawaai, Hawai, Howaii, Hawaje, Hawaiia, Hawiaii, Hawii, Hawwai, Hawwai, Hawwia, Hawwi, Howai, Howaii and Howii and misspell "Hawaiian" as Hawaaian, Hawaain, Hawan, Hawian, Hawaian, Hawaiaan, Hawiian, Hawiin, Hawiain, Hawain, Haiwain, Hawaiin, Hawaiiwan, Hawiaiin, Hawaiaiin, Hawaiiaanse, Hawwaian, Hawwain, Hawwian, Hawwiian and so forth. And many people misspell "Kilauea" as Kilaea, kilaeau, Kilaua, kilaeu, Klauea, Kileua, Kilawea, Killauea, etc.

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Click on the links below to visit Niihau - the Forbidden Island where the only pure Hawaiians still live; take virtual field trips on the island of Kahoolawe, the Forgotten Island which has been uninhabited since the federal government claimed it to use for a practice bombing range during the Second World War, WWII; view the geography page for geographical information and geology regarding the individual Hawaiian Islands; explore the islands of Hawaii, all over the United States and around the world via live webcameras and look at the stats page to find Hawaii statistics for each Hawaiian Island.

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THE BIG ISLAND OF HAWAII
• The Big Island of Hawaii Page

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THE ISLANDS PAGE
The Islands Page

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Surf to the Site Map!
Surf to the Sitemap

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SAIL TO THE HOMEPAGE
Sail to the Homepage

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General information and many photographs regarding the forty plus species of sharks in Hawaiian waters who pose little threat to human beings. The sharks that have posed the most hazards in Hawaii have been the galapagos sharks, scalloped hammerhead sharks, gray reef sharks and tiger sharks. While great white sharks can be dangerous, they do not frequent Hawaiian waters in great numbers because of their feeding habits. For more info about which shark species are the most aggressive and the most dangerous, more photographs, fascinating facts, shark research, safety tips, suggested reading and links to more shark websites, click, here. "Mako" means shark in Hawaiian. Another Hawaiian word is "mano" for various kinds of sharks, such as mano kihikihi for hammerhead sharks.

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PRONGHORN ANTELOPE
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Click the links below to view Hawaii Flowers and Animals

To see photographs of a sampling of the Flowers and Animals on land and in the waters of Hawaii, click Here.

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Hawaiian Language Translations and Translators
as well as translators and dictionaries for 200 other languages, click here.
TRANSLATORS AND DICTIONARIES FOR 200 LANGUAGES!
Language Translators
The original language of Hawaii was Hawaiian which is a Polynesian tongue similar to some other Pacific Island languages. Even today a great deal of Hawaiian music is sung in the native lyric and melodic Hawaiian Language. To use dictionaries of the Hawaiian language and language translators for translating 200 other languages, including other Polynesian and Native American tongues, click here. There is also a dictionary of computer terminology as well as E-mail, chat room and instant messenger language translators. And you can find your Hawaiian Name. To translate given names into Hawaiian names, click here.

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